Monitoring Frequency</mick> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/KYW/KYW.css"> <meta name="Microsoft Border" content="tl, default"> </head> <body link="#000080" vlink="#008080" alink="#000080" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tr><td> <p><img border="0" src="../../images/kywtopmain.gif" width="600" height="87"></p> </td></tr></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tr><td valign="top" width="1%"> <div align="left"> <script LANGUAGE="JavaScript">  </script> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="#00A9A4" bordercolor="#00A9A4" align="left" style="font-size: 8pt; color: #FFFFCC; border-collapse:collapse" width="145" height="647"> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" width="145" style="border-style: solid; padding-top: 0" bordercolor="#00CC99" height="647"> <p align="center"><map name="FPMap0_I2"> <area href="/KYW/kyw.html" coords="0, 0, 72, 26" shape="rect"> <area 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</div> </td><td valign="top" width="24"></td><td valign="top"> <div align="left"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="4" width="400" align="left"> <tr> <td width="336"></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="336"> <p><font color="#000000" face="Arial" size="6"><b> Monitoring Frequency</b></font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Effective monitoring is an essential component of any effective TMDL program. Proper interpre-tation </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> and understanding of environmental conditions, causes, and trends absolutely require </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> accurate, timely monitoring. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> In most of the US, water quality and quantities in streams and lakes can change dramatically over </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> short periods of time. These changes can be due to weather effects (such as rapid temperature </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> increases or decreases or precipitation) or to human activities like water removals, water inputs, </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> or intermittent pollutant inputs. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> As a result, wherever possible, it is best to monitor water quality and flow continuously. How-ever, </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> for several important parameters (e.g., total N and P, orthophosphate, TSS), this is not yet </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> technically feasible in the field. In other cases, the field methods are not yet sensitive enough to </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> meet all monitoring requirements. Instead, "grab" samples are collected regularly (weekly, </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> biweekly, monthly), with some parameters measured in the field and others in the laboratory. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="5" COLOR="#000000"> Sampling Requirements – Grab or Discrete Samples </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Often the frequency of sampling is specified or implied in the rules that initially establish the </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> TMDL. These are frequently met by collecting grab (instantaneous) samples taken by field crews </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> that make the circuit of sites on a regular basis: weekly, biweekly, or monthly are most typical </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> intervals. For example, in the Tualatin River TMDL rules, compliance is based upon the median </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> monthly concentration or load, although the frequency of monitoring is not specified. Samples </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> have been collected at weekly, biweekly, or monthly intervals, and the median concentration </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> determined from these data. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="5" COLOR="#000000"> Continuous Monitoring vs. Grab Sampling </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> "Grab" or discrete samples can easily misrepresent loading unless numerous samples are taken to </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> illustrate the flush effect. The flush effect refers to high concentrations in the first flush of runoff </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> from an area after a long dry period; much of the load can enter the water in a short time, which </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> is hard to catch unless continuous monitoring is being done. Depending upon when a grab </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> sample is taken, it may underestimate or overestimate the average condition by an order of </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> magnitude. With sufficient data collection, a distribution can be created; however, this does not </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> show how the pollutants are flushed off the watershed, so water quality managers can miss </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> important design information for BMPs and other controls. Continuous monitoring – augmented </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> by a smaller grab sampling program – provides this information. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Continuous monitoring allows extreme weather events to be identified and evaluated for their </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> impacts on the water body. It also allows researchers to track the stream’s ability to recover, and </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> the duration of the recovery period. The data gleaned from continuous monitoring can be used to </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> develop or validate models. Last, continuous monitoring can be the most effective – and cost-effective </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> – way to acquire data. As environmentalist Greg Aamodt of Carver County Environ-mental </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Services in Chaska, Minnesota noted in "TMDL Rules Drive Water Monitoring" in the </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> January 1999 issue of WaterWorld, "If you don’t have a regular regimen with an automatic </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> system, you can’t replicate it with humans - it’s just impossible. And it’s a stretch of the imagina-tion </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> that you’re going to have someone out there in a storm event taking samples every hour." </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Continuous, unattended monitoring technology is not available for all parameters. While tem- </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman"><font SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000"> © </font><font SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">1999, YSI Incorporated 52 </font></font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">perature can be conveniently and reliably monitored over the long term, many TMDL </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">parameters – such as total nutrient concentrations or orthophosphate – do not have adequate </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">equipment available for continuous monitoring. To compensate, some innovators are </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">exploring the correlations between some hard-to-measure TMDL parameters and the param-eters </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">on multi-parameter continuous monitoring equipment. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">WWETCO (Wet Weather Environmental Engineering Company), an engineering firm in Georgia </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">highlighted in the following case study, will be evaluating surrogate parameter relationships and </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">data from continuous monitoring instruments in a Columbus, Georgia study. They have found </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">good correlations between conductivity and ammonia, for example. Now, the company plans to </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">develop regression equations and examine predicted versus measured or portability of data. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">Most TMDL programs have not required continuous monitoring initially. However, as sensors </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">for nitrate and ammonia become more sensitive and stable, and as correlations are better under-stood, </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">it would make good sense to include more continuous monitoring requirements. In these </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">cases, to determine loads, flow and concentration, data can be integrated over time to produce </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">precise measurements of load during any given time interval. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">To review additional research done on surrogate parameters, refer to a paper entitled Highway </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">Stormwater Runoff Quality: Development of Surrogate Parameter Relationships, published in </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">Water, Air and Soil Pollution 94 (307-347) 1997. The objective of this research was to identify </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">parameters that could be used as surrogate parameters as a means of decreasing costs of collec- </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" COLOR="#000000"> Multi-Parameter Sampling Equipment </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Monitoring is the toughest part of the whole TMDL process, and often the most expensive </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> part of the process as well. For this reason, it is critical to make informed instrumentation </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> choices that take into account monitoring technology that generates credible, defensible, </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> quality data that is easy to use and maintain. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Often, nonload water quality measurements are needed (e.g. dissolved oxygen, tempera-ture, </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> chlorophyll, conductivity, pH, and turbidity) as part of a monitoring plan to determine </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> ecosystem health. Multi-parameter water quality monitoring equipment, capable of taking </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> simultaneous measurements of key parameters through either long-term continuous monitor-ing </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> or discrete sampling, can offer significant advantages and cost savings. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Multi-parameter equipment is ideal for streams where little current information on water </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> quality data exists. It is light and compact, easy to use, simpler to maintain and transport </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> than a collection of individual meters, and offers more quality control features over the </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> alternative single-parameter meters. Equipment prices vary depending on the number of </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> parameters to be measured. A basic multi-parameter instrument that simultaneously </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> monitors dissolved oxygen, conductivity, temperature, pH, salinity and TDS is very afford-able. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Additional parameter probes can be added to many multi-parameter instruments. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Prices differ considerably depending on parameter. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Available parameters that can be measured simultaneously either continuously or discretely </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> are dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll, turbidity, depth or vented level, open channel flow, </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> conductivity, temperature, pH, ORP, salinity, TDS, chloride, ammonia and nitrate. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman"><font SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000"> © </font><font SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">1999, YSI Incorporated 53 </font></font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" COLOR="#000000"> Case Study: Wyoming </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> The Wyoming Conservation Districts started a massive water quality research effort by building a </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> solid foundation: a clear definition of "credible data," training to collect it and equipment </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> to do the job properly. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> To fill significant gaps in water quality data in Wyoming, the State’s Conservation Districts </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> determined that they needed to gather a great deal of stream data. The districts took the lead on </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> collection because of their statutory responsibility for water quality as well as their rapport with </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> landowners on a local basis. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> But perhaps more important than the quantity of the data was the quality – the districts realized </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> they needed to emphasize "credible water quality data" from the start. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> The first step was defining "credible data" to the satisfaction of the districts as well as US EPA </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> and other state and federal agencies. A working group of agency members came up with this </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> definition, which was accepted by all agencies involved in the state’s water quality efforts: </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> "Scientifically valid chemical, physical and biological data collected </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> under an accepted sampling and analysis plan, including quality control, </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> quality assurance procedures and available historical data". </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> In 1998, Wyoming’s Legislature appropriated an additional $367,000 for conservation districts to </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> purchase equipment, attend training, conduct in-field monitoring, and complete analytical </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> analysis resulting in the collection of credible, court-defendable data. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Working with the state’s Department of Agriculture and Department of Environmental Quality </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> and guided by US EPA and DEQ protocol, the districts selected a suite of equipment that could </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> be shared across the state. They purchased a YSI 600R Multi-Parameter probe (able to simulta-neously </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> measure temperature, pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen), a flow probe, a surber </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> sampler for macro-invertebrates, an integrated sampler for the water column, hand-held Global </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Positioning System (GPS) units and other physical field measuring equipment. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> In order to have consistency and credibility in the water quality sampling efforts statewide, </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Wyoming’s conservation districts have initiated the following five-phase training effort for all 34 </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> of Wyoming’s conservation districts. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Phase I Watershed Hydrology and Stream Dynamics (3 days) </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Phase II Developing a Water Quality Monitoring Plan (3 days) </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Phase III Equipment use, care, maintenance and calibration (2 days) </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Phase IV In-field, on-the-job training collecting credible data with the Wyoming </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Department of Environmental Quality (5 days) </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Phase V Data interpretation and analysis (4 days) </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> According to Bobbie Frank, the Executive Director of the Wyoming Association of Conservation </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Districts, the software that accompanies the multi-parameter equipment, EcoWatch for Windows, </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> helps landowners see what the water quality data really means – an effective educational tool for </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> making water quality issues more tangible and understandable. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> (Bobbie Frank, 1999, Personal Communication.) </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman"><font SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000"> © </font><font SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">1999, YSI Incorporated 54 </font></font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">tion and measurement of highway stormwater runoff quality data. The findings of the </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">research indicate that total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, total volatile solids, and </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">total organic compounds are effective surrogate parameters for many metals, ionic species, </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">and nutrients. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">Currently, for those who have TMDL monitoring plans that include general monitoring to assess </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">ecosystem health or who are responsible for water bodies with insufficient water quality data, </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">monitoring with multi-parameter equipment has proven to be more economical than intermittent </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">sampling by field crews. After tallying up labor costs for intermittent field sampling and the </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">costs of a number of different individual field meters and then comparing the quality of data </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">collected, the cost/benefits of multi-parameter equipment for both continuous and discrete </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">sampling is clearly apparent and very justifiable. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">However, because of the large amounts of data collected in the continuous monitoring mode, </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">effective data analysis and management are critical for rapid and accurate interpretation of </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">results. Tools such as BASINS and EcoWatch for Windows become indispensable for making </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">sense out of mountains of information. Those software tools are discussed later in this paper. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" COLOR="#000000"> Case study: Georgia Watershed Study </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> An engineering firm is gaining confidence in long-term, unattended monitoring equipment and </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> developing correlations that will ultimately lower the cost of water monitoring by cutting labor </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> costs and lab fees and significantly improve wet weather data collection capabilities. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Wet Weather Engineering and Technology, LLC (WWETCO), is monitoring the Middle </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Chattahoochee River Watershed in Georgia and Alabama for the Columbus Water Works and </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> other partners including the U.S. EPA, the Georgia Environmental Protection Division (EPD), the </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM), Georgia Power and the Mead </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Corporation. The monitoring team also includes the Columbus State University and Auburn </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> University. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> The Chattahoochee River flows from northeastern Georgia through Atlanta, then along the </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Georgia/Alabama border through the panhandle of Florida and into the Gulf. The study watershed </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> shown in the following map consists of the drainage areas contiguous to the Chattahoochee River </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> below West Point Dam and above the Walter F. George Reservoir. Nine dams along this highly </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> regulated river between West Point and Columbus provide power, water supply, fishing and </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> recreational uses. The watershed contains growing urban centers along the I-85 and I-185 corri-dors </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> with the Columbus metropolitan area in the center. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Objectives of the study include: </font></p> <p><font SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" face="Times New Roman"> w Source Water Assessment and Protection </font></p> <p><font SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" face="Times New Roman"> w Methods to measure the health of the watershed and reactions to wet weather stresses </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">for assessment of compliance with water quality standards and beneficial uses providing </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">a framework for TMDL issues </font></p> <p><font SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" face="Times New Roman"> w Cost and performance criteria for several CSO treatment technologies including </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">solids removal and disinfection </font></p> <p><font SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" face="Times New Roman"> w BASINS Model development and calibration </font></p> <p><font SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" face="Times New Roman"> w Stakeholder and public participation </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">The study area plays a significant role as a model for interstate water resource coordination on </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">water quality and quantity issues. Information from the watershed program is being peer re-viewed </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">by a team of national experts coordinated by the Water Environment Research Foundation </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman"><font SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000"> © </font><font SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">1999, YSI Incorporated 55 </font></font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">(WERF) and is being </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">disseminated through </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">multiple outreach </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">vehicles including </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">workshops, newsletter </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">articles, journal publi-cations, </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">flyers and </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">brochures and through </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">an internet project web </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">site, www.wwetco.com </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">Water quality issues in </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">the watershed include </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">those contaminants </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">associated with </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">stormwater runoff from </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">urbanized areas. The </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">U.S. Geological </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">Survey’s National Water </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">Quality Assessment </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">(NAWQA) Program </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">findings for the entire </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">Chattahoochee River </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">indicate that higher </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">nutrients, pesticides, </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">trace elements and </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">organic compounds with </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">poorer biological </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">conditions are found to </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">be relative to the degree </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">of urbanization with the </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">majority contribution </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">from stormwater runoff. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">The Georgia EPD will </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">implement TMDLs for </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">the Chattahoochee River </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">by 2002. The Middle Chattahoochee River Watershed study will provide the database and </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">methodology framework from which the EPD will develop appropriate TMDLs, if any. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">Among other investigations, WWETCO is examining surrogate monitoring parameters between </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">laboratory data from samples collected and continuous instrument readings using YSI probes. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">Discrete sampling includes water quality analysis of nutrients, metals, total organic carbon, total </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">suspended solids, and chemical and biochemical oxygen demand. Water quality samples are </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">programmed on a flush-weighted (a form of flow-weighted sampling) basis, with various auto-mated </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">sampling devices. Flush-weighted sampling is sequenced to obtain more samples at the </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">beginning of the event and less samples as the event progresses (pollutant-weighted sampling). </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">This approach has been shown to produce significant correlation between accumulative volume </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">and pollutant mass for different antecedent conditions. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">WWETCO’s eighteen-month monitoring program includes 35 monitoring stations for flow, water </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">quality and aquatic biology, including 12 sampling sites on creeks, 7 on the mainstem of the river </font></p> <b> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000"> WWETCO Middle Chattahoochee River Watershed Study </font></p> </b> <p><font face="Times New Roman"><font SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000"> © </font><font SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">1999, YSI Incorporated 56 </font></font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">and 16 within the combined sewer system treatment facilities. Six YSI continuous monitors </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">are used throughout this monitoring network measuring ORP, DO, pH, EC, T, and turbidity. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">The YSI probes are placed in parallel with automatic samplers for dry and wet weather </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">monitoring, and rotated among many of the 35 sampling stations. The YSI probes are also </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">used to track and monitor wet weather plume migration throughout the reservoir and river </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">system. The YSI equipment is serviced and calibrated every two weeks. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">One of the project’s hypotheses states that "wet weather loadings from a watershed can be </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">measured by time series water quality probes and correlated with parallel discrete bottle sampling </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">and constituent analysis to provide a means to use water quality probes and flow to measure </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">event-based and long term watershed contributions or changes in water quality parameters as a </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">result of watershed controls or disturbances." </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">If this hypothesis proves to be correct, the methodologies developed in this study can be used by </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">other practitioners to quantify wet weather loads, to provide measurements for watershed assess-ment </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">studies, to prepare TMDL allocations and to evaluate wet weather controls and benefits. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">Upon completion of the program, applications using continuous monitoring technology in </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">conjunction with discrete sampling efforts are anticipated to show tremendous savings over </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">conventional field monitoring with significantly improved data collection capabilities for long-term </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">water quality compliance documentation within the watershed. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" COLOR="#000000"> Case Study: Field-Testing Continuous DO Probes </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Chesapeake Bay is a tough place to deploy continuous monitoring equipment for dissolved </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> oxygen. Researchers on the Bay deployed a pair of probes to study accuracy, durability and </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> resistance to fouling. The results were impressive. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Dissolved oxygen is a key indicator of the health of coastal waters, which makes it a critical </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> parameter for federal, state, and university researchers studying the Chesapeake Bay. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Unfortunately, biofouling and high levels of hydrogen sulfide interfered with older continuous </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> monitoring equipment. Every four weeks in the summer, the Chesapeake Bay Observing System </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> must invest two full research vessel days and six technician days to refurbish or replace old </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> sensors in three underwater monitoring stations. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Upon the introduction of Rapid-Pulse technology, the US EPA, Maryland Department of Natural </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> Resources and the University of Maryland Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> deployed two YSI 6000 multi-parameter instruments (called "sondes") within the pyrocline in 20- </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> meter-deep water, where they would encounter optimum conditions for biofouling and hypoxia. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> The sondes were placed just 1 meter apart to ascertain precision/reproducibility. After a month of </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> conditions ranging from hypoxia (complete oxygen depletion) to saturation (maximum potential </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> concentrations), data analysis showed that the sondes tracked each other reliably, agreeing with </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> each other to within 0.25 mg/L. </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> For more information, visit http://www.ceob.nos.noaa.gov </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman" SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000"> (Chesapeake Bay Observing System, 1997) </font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman"><font SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000"> © </font><font SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000">1999, YSI Incorporated 57 </font></font></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </td></tr></table></body> </html>